EU's Green Deal sets out a bold ambition and proposes supportive revisions to three key policy directives
On 14 July 2021, as part of the European Green Deal, the EU announced a broad new package of policy proposals which aim to accelerate decarbonisation of the aviation sector and if fully implemented will have a significant impact on the EU aviation sector. This package of initiatives, however, will undoubtedly increase the costs for industry participants and passengers, but will they achieve their objectives?
The new ReFuelEU Aviation Initiative mandates blending of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) with fossil fuels at 5% by 2030, 32% by 2040 and 63% by 2050. The initiative applies to all fuel suppliers providing fuel at EU airports, and all airlines, whether EU or foreign, must annually uplift from each EU airport 90% of the fuel required for flights from those airports (to try to minimise unnecessary tankering). Currently approved processes specify a maximum blending ratio of 50%, but Rolls-Royce has announced plans to make all its civil engines compatible to run on 100% SAF, with tests under way.
The revisions to the Emissions Trading System (ETS) will see fewer free allowances for aviation, further reduction over time and increased auctioning, reflecting the EU’s desired ‘polluter pays’ policy, which will undoubtedly make fossil fuel offsetting harder and more expensive.
The revisions to the Energy Tax Directive will initiate a tax on aviation kerosene and align its rate to motor fuel as well as differentiating between first-generation biofuels (c. 50% of the proposed kerosene tax level) with advanced biofuels including synthetic liquid fuels (c. 1.5% of the proposed kerosene tax level).
SAF is the only realistic near-to-medium-term solution to decarbonise aviation
The EU recognises that in the medium to long term, the introduction of new propulsion technologies (e.g. hydrogen, electric hybrids and full electric) will transform the carbon footprint, appearance, performance and engineering of many aircraft. However, current technology road maps suggest these will provide insufficient energy density for larger, longer-range aircraft. Hence, SAF is both the most immediately implementable solution and will be the only solution that addresses the whole industry for a considerable time to come. Some additional benefits can still accrue from overall aviation system efficiencies which is not fully addressed in the EU Green Deal (e.g. Single European Sky initiative that the International Air Transport Association (IATA) believes should deliver a 10% reduction in current emissions). The ongoing launch and rollout of newer, more efficient aircraft (e.g. new generations of aircraft are typically 15%-20% more fuel efficient per flight than the plane they replace, built 15-20 years earlier) will also deliver some benefits.
Absent SAF the only solution to accelerate decarbonisation would be draconian demand management policies which would decimate the industry and are not a realistic alternative.
So, in the near to medium term, SAF, which currently represents less than 0.01% of the EU aviation fuel, is the only solution to significantly progress aviation decarbonisation.
SAF currently faces five critical issues
The EU has established a target for SAF blending levels and is proposing to put in place elements of legislation and government support; however, five key issues remain to kick-start a ramp-up in SAF production:
- No incentives specifically designed to drive uptake of SAF
- SAF costs currently two to six times as much as kerosene, making it prohibitive for airlines
- Limited availability of sustainable feedstock
- No refineries currently operating at a commercial scale and very limited total capacity
- Not currently an investable proposition, so access to finance is limited
No incentives specifically designed to drive uptake of SAF
Aviation’s carbon emissions are a negative externality that society and government are increasingly unwilling to accept given the need to target net zero. Hence, it seems reasonable that governments help incentivise and fund the start of the transition to SAF (essentially internalising those externalities).
The EU currently provides some financial support to biofuel development through H2020 funding and the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan), but these tend to be early stage and technology focused. These programs may lead to new solutions but are in general a very long way out. The EU itself estimates that a price of at least €160 per tonne of CO2 emissions would be required to make SAF commercially viable for airlines, yet the 2030 Climate Target Plan projects carbon process for the ETS sector at between €32 and €65 per tonne of CO2.
Ultimately, regional taxation such as planned by the EU may have unintended consequences (e.g. in terms of relative competitiveness with other regions) but being pragmatic, it is much simpler and quicker to enact. Note that it has taken 20 years from the start of the dotcom revolution for a global digital tax policy to be agreed to by the G20 in response to companies optimising where they choose to recognise profits.
SAF costs two to six times as much as kerosene, making it prohibitive for airlines
The EU recognises that the market has failed to stimulate any material production of SAF despite it being the obvious medium-term solution, which is largely due to SAF costing two to six times as much as kerosene.
At the current negligible level of volume, the lowest cost pathway is hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), with costs higher for other less technologically mature pathways. The EU estimates industry cost increases of €15bn to €20bn to achieve the blending mandate, which is equivalent to c. 8% increase in fares by 2050 (based on 77% growth in passengers). Given that on average fuel represents 20%-25% of airline operating costs (albeit significantly higher for long-haul flights), the EU’s estimate is likely to be on the low side.
Absent a significant reduction in SAF costs driven by both industry and facility scale and new technologies, there is also a real risk that airlines become ‘price takers’ in a tight supply market, which will damage their already sensitive operational economics and lead to higher passenger fares.
Limited availability of sustainable feedstock
Feedstock is challenging in the near term, and while cooking oil/animal fat can be utilised by the HEFA pathway, its availability is the limiting factor, and it will not be a scale solution. Longer term, advanced biofuels and synthetic liquid fuels are the only real solution, but the technology readiness of the processes and resource availability are expected to remain challenging for some time to come.
No refineries currently operating at a commercial scale and very limited total capacity
Current SAF production is negligible, and whilst plans for new facilities in the EU and UK have been announced (e.g. Altalto Immingham waste to fuel, SkyNRG’s HEFA facility) in the past couple of years, the current plans represent capacity of about 3 metric tonnes (Mt) in 2030 (i.e. 6% of EU fuel requirement). There are also a growing number of existing refineries producing biodiesel/ethanol to meet demand from road transport that could be used to produce SAF. In the near term, blending mandates (e.g. E10 in the UK) are likely to increase demand from road transport, albeit this capacity may be available for SAF longer term as road transport transitions to EV or fuel cells. This, however, cannot be a planning assumption for SAF.
The EU assumes c. 100 additional SAF plants will be built by 2050 with a capacity of 25Mt, i.e. 0.8Mt p.a., rather than the current rate of 0.1Mt p.a. This requires a step change in industry investment. The EU estimates the required capex at just an incremental €10bn in the aviation sector ― this excludes the capex required to create new hydrogen and power generation infrastructure which will also be needed to support production. The €10bn equates to just c. €420 per tonne of production capacity versus the €800-€3,000 per tonne estimated by the International Civil Aerospace Organisation (ICAO). The EU appears to be assuming a rapid technological development and a sharp reduction in capital and operating costs (e.g. as new larger facilities are built). These assumptions look very optimistic, and therefore it is highly likely that actual industry costs will be much higher.
Not currently an investable proposition, so access to finance is limited
Investing in SAF refinery capacity is currently perceived to be high risk and insufficiently attractive: oil and gas majors have lucrative kerosene businesses that SAF would cannibalise, and they are waiting for the opportunity for SAF to become attractive and/or regulatory impetus. Today, it is also perceived as too risky for infrastructure-type investors, and airlines/airports lack the financial strength (particularly post-Covid-19). The key risks are:
- Technologies remain unproven at commercial scale
- Capital cost overruns are likely on the first wave of new refineries
- Potential to be very uncompetitive on cost (vs kerosene)
- Risk that hydrogen or electric propulsion replaces jet engines in the 2040s resulting in only a 20-to-25-year lifespan for SAF assets
It is important to recognise if the oil and gas majors decide to act, significant capital could be brought rapidly to bear given annual refinery capex pre-Covid-19 averaged c. $150bn and many oil majors now have emerging or new energy funds but are waiting for incentives and opportunities to leverage existing capacity. Recent announcements from Chevron and Exxon that they are studying SAF production using existing refineries are signs of progress. The EU’s SAF blending targets will help provide some certainty, but fundamentally there is still significant technology risk with a major cost differential to reduce.
There are significant barriers to establishing a scale SAF industry, and further bold actions are required to deliver the EU’s objectives.
The EU has rightly set ambitious objectives and is proposing to put in place some of the necessary legislative and government support, but addressing these five key issues to deliver the target reduction in aviation emissions is a massive challenge which will require:
- Developing new or substantially improved technologies to meet the cost and emission targets
- Mobilising a broad industry coalition including both the aviation sector and, critically, the downstream supply chain to secure feedstock and the biorefineries to process it
- Recieving further policy and financial support from country governments
Our next article in the series on sustainable aviation will cover our perspectives on how SAF deployment can be accelerated through coordinated public and private collaboration.
Editor's note: This article was also published in BioFuels International.
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